The incorporation of ISKCON in New York
“We shall call our society ISKCON."
Prabhupäda had laughed playfully when he first coined the acronym.
He had initiated the legal work
of incorporation that spring, while still living on the Bowery. But even
before its legal beginning, he had been talking about his “International
Society for Krishna Consciousness," and so it had appeared in letters to
India and in The Village Voice. A friend had suggested a title that would
sound more familiar to Westerners, “International Society for God Consciousness,"
but Prabhupäda had insisted: “Krishna Consciousness." “God" was a
vague term, whereas “Krishna" was exact and scientific; “God consciousness"
was spiritually weaker, less personal. And if Westerners didn't know that
Kåñëa was God, then the International Society for Krishna
Consciousness would tell them, by spreading His glories “in every town
and village."
“Kåñëa consciousness"
was Prabhupäda's own rendering of a phrase from Çréla
Rüpa Gosvämé's Padyävali, written in the sixteenth
century. Kåñëa-bhakti-rasa-bhävita: “to be absorbed
in the mellow taste of executing devotional service to Kåñëa."
But to register ISKCON legally
as a nonprofit, tax-exempt religion required money and a lawyer. Carl Yeargens
had already gained some experience in forming religious, political, and
social welfare groups, and when he had met Prabhupäda on the Bowery
he had agreed to help. He had contacted his lawyer, Stephen Goldsmith.
Stephen Goldsmith, a young Jewish
lawyer with a wife and two children and an office on Park Avenue, was interested
in spiritual movements. When Carl told him about Prabhupäda's plans,
he was immediately fascinated by the idea of setting up a religious corporation
for an Indian swami. He visited Prabhupäda at 26 Second Avenue, and
they discussed incorporation, tax exemption, Prabhupäda's immigration
status, and Kåñëa consciousness. Mr. Goldsmith visited
Prabhupäda several times. Once he brought his children, who liked
the “soup" the Swami cooked. He began attending the evening lectures, where
he was often the only nonhippie member of the congregation. One evening,
having completed all the legal groundwork and being ready to complete the
procedures for incorporation, Mr. Goldsmith came to Prabhupäda's lecture
and kértana to get signatures from the trustees for the new society.
July 11
Prabhupäda is lecturing.
Mr. Goldsmith, wearing slacks
and a shirt and tie, sits on the floor near the door, listening earnestly
to the lecture, despite the distracting noises from the neighborhood. Prabhupäda
has been explaining how scholars mislead innocent people with nondevotional
interpretations of the Bhagavad-gétä, and now, in recognition
of the attorney's respectable presence, and as if to catch Mr. Goldsmith's
attention better, he introduces him into the subject of the talk.
I will give you a practical example
of how things are misinterpreted. Just like our president, Mr. Goldsmith,
he knows that expert lawyers, by interpretation, can do so many things.
When I was in Calcutta, there was a rent tax passed by the government,
and some expert lawyer changed the whole thing by his interpretation. The
government had to reenact a whole law because their purpose was foiled
by the interpretation of this lawyer. So we are not out for foiling the
purpose of Kåñëa, for which the Bhagavad-gétä
was spoken. But unauthorized persons are trying to foil the purpose of
Kåñëa. Therefore, that is unauthorized.
All right, Mr. Goldsmith, you
can ask anything.
Mr. Goldsmith stands, and to
the surprise of the people gathered, he makes a short announcement asking
for signers on an incorporation document for the Swami's new religious
movement.
Prabhupäda: They are present
here. You can take the addresses now.
Mr. Goldsmith: I can take them
now, yes.
Prabhupäda: Yes, you can.
Bill, you can give your address. And Raphael, you can give yours. And Don…
Roy… Mr. Greene.
As the meeting breaks up, those
called on to sign as trustees come forward, standing around in the little
storefront, waiting to leaf cursorily through the pages the lawyer has
produced from his thin attache, and to sign as he directs. Yet not a soul
among them is committed to Kåñëa consciousness.
Mr. Goldsmith meets his quota
of signers—a handful of sympathizers with enough reverence toward the Swami
to want to help him. The first trustees, who will hold office for a year,
“until the first annual meeting of the corporation," are Michael Grant
(who puts down his name and address without ever reading the document),
Mike's girl friend Jan, and James Greene. No one seriously intends to undertake
any formal duties as trustee of the religious society, but they are happy
to help the Swami by signing his fledgling society into legal existence.
According to law, a second group
of trustees will assume office for the second year. They are Paul Gardiner,
Roy, and Don. The trustees for the third year are Carl Yeargens, Bill Epstein,
and Raphael.
None of them know exactly what
the half a dozen, legal-sized typed pages mean, except that “Swamiji is
forming a society."
Why?
For tax exemption, in case someone
gives a big donation, and for other benefits an official religious society
might receive.
But these purposes hardly seem
urgent or even relevant to the present situation. Who's going to make donations?
Except maybe for Mr. Goldsmith, who has any money?
But Prabhupäda is planning
for the future, and he's planning for much more than just tax exemptions.
He is trying to serve his spiritual predecessors and fulfill the scriptural
prediction of a spiritual movement that is to flourish for ten thousand
years in the midst of the Age of Kali. Within the vast Kali Age (a period
which is to last 432,000 years), the 1960s are but an insignificant moment.
The Vedas describe that the time
of the universe revolves through a cycle of four “seasons," or yugas, and
Kali-yuga is the worst of times, in which all spiritual qualities of men
diminish until humanity is finally reduced to a bestial civilization, devoid
of human decency. However, the Vedic literature foretells a golden age
of spiritual life, beginning after the advent of Lord Caitanya and lasting
for ten thousand years—an eddy that runs against the current of Kali-yuga.
With a vision that soars off to the end of the millennium and beyond, yet
with his two feet solidly on the ground of Second Avenue, Prabhupäda
has begun an International Society for Krishna Consciousness. He has many
practical responsibilities: paying the rent, incorporating his society,
and paving the way for a thriving worldwide congregation of devotees. Yet
he doesn't see his humble beginning as limiting the greater scope of his
divine mission. He knows that everything depends on Kåñëa,
so whether he succeeds or fails is up to the Supreme. He has only to try.
The purposes stated within ISKCON's
articles of incorporation reveal Prabhupäda's thinking. They were
seven points, similar to those given in the Prospectus for the League of
Devotees he formed in Jhansi, India, in 1953. That attempt had been unsuccessful,
yet his purposes remained unchanged.
Seven Purposes of the International
Society for Krishna Consciousness:
(a)To systematically propagate spiritual knowledge to society at large and to educate all peoples in the techniques of spiritual life in order to check the imbalance of values in life and to achieve real unity and peace in the world.Regardless of what ISKCON's charter members thought of the society's purposes, Prabhupäda saw them as imminent realities. As Mr. Ruben, the subway conductor who had met Prabhupäda on a Manhattan park bench in 1965, had noted: “He seemed to know that he would have temples filled up with devotees. “There are temples and books,' he said. “They are existing, they are there, but the time is separating us from them.'"
(b)To propagate a consciousness of Krishna, as it is revealed in the Bhagavad Gétä and Çrémad Bhagwatam.
(c)To bring the members of the Society together with each other and nearer to Krishna, the prime entity, thus to develop the idea within the members, and humanity at large, that each soul is part and parcel of the quality of Godhead (Krishna).
(d)To teach and encourage the sankirtan movement, congregational chanting of the holy name of God as revealed in the teachings of Lord Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
(e)To erect for the members and for society at large, a holy place of transcendental pastimes, dedicated to the Personality of Krishna.
(f)To bring the members closer together for the purpose of teaching a simpler and more natural way of life.
(g)With a view towards achieving the aforementioned Purposes, to publish and distribute periodicals, magazines, books and other writings.
Çréla Prabhupäda
would often say of his devotional service in India, “Våndävana
is my residence, Bombay is my office, and Mäyäpur is where I
worship the Supreme Personality of Godhead."
Bombay is the biggest commercial
city in India. Prabhupäda's “business" was pure devotional service
to Kåñëa, and in Bombay he dealt more with the managerial
aspects of Kåñëa consciousness in India. He had incorporated
ISKCON in India with the main branch in Bombay. All other branches of ISKCON
in India, therefore, were legally part of the Bombay incorporation. In
Bombay, Prabhupäda had cultivated more lawyers and businessmen as
life members and earned more friends of his Society than in any other city
in India. So whenever he was in Bombay, he often sought legal advice, not
just about the Bombay center but also about his other affairs in India.
Since Bombay was a modern city
with professional and office facilities on a level with many Western cities,
Prabhupäda wanted to locate the Indian division of his Book Trust
there, for printing Hindi translations of his books as well as English
versions for the Indian market. Bombay, unlike Våndävana and
Mäyäpur, was not a dhäma but a bustling, wealthy city. ISKCON's
biggest donors lived there. Although Çréla Prabhupäda's
demeanor was entirely transcendental in Bombay, and his activities were
often the same as elsewhere—speaking on Bhagavad-gétä and Çrémad-Bhägavatam
and worshiping the Deity—nevertheless, Prabhupäda called it his office.
And though it was his office, he wanted a temple there.
“Mäyäpur," Prabhupäda
said, “is where I worship the Supreme Personality of Godhead." Prabhupäda
conceived of a temple to be built in Mäyäpur that would be the
grandest of all temples in his movement. He and his devotees would worship
the Supreme Lord there in such a magnificent style that the whole world
would be attracted to Prabhupäda's place of worship, the Mayapur Chandrodaya
Mandir.
According to the Çrémad-Bhägavatam,
the prescribed worship for this age is saìkértana, the chanting
of the holy names of God. Saìkértana worship emanated from
Mäyäpur, the original dhäma of Lord Caitanya. “In the age
of Kali," states Çrémad-Bhägavatam, “Lord Kåñëa
appears in a golden form, as Lord Caitanya, and His activity is to chant
Hare Kåñëa. People with sufficient intelligence will
worship Him in this form." Çréla Prabhupäda wanted to
make the most wonderful worship of Caitanya Mahäprabhu in His birthplace
and thus completely fulfill the predictions of the previous äcäryas,
who foresaw a great Vedic city rising from the plains of Navadvépa.
Mäyäpur could also
be considered Prabhupäda's place of worship because his spiritual
master, Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté, had preached extensively
there and because his samädhi was there. Since Çréla
Prabhupäda's entire preaching mission was in the service of his spiritual
master, he worshiped his spiritual master through preaching in Mäyäpur.
Mäyäpur was the origin and symbol of preaching Kåñëa
consciousness, because there Lord Caitanya and Nityänanda actually
began the saìkértana move ment that Prabhupäda was now
carrying all over the world.
Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu
wanted to preach the saìkértana movement of love of Kåñëa
throughout the entire world, and therefore during His presence He inspired
the saìkértana movement. Specifically, He sent Rüpa
Gosvämé to Våndävana and Nityänanda to Bengal
and personally went to South India. In this way He kindly left the task
of preaching His cult in the rest of the world to the International Society
for Krishna Consciousness.
Våndävana is Prabhupäda's
residence. Religious people in India as well as religious scholars in the
West saw Prabhupäda as a Vaiñëava sädhu—from Våndävana.
When he began his preaching in New York City, he would often introduce
himself as “coming from Våndävana." “Here I am now sitting in
New York," he once said, “the world's greatest city, but my heart is always
hankering after that Våndävana. I shall be very happy to return
to my Våndävana, that sacred place."
The people of Våndävana
also thought of Prabhupäda as their hometown success. Upon retiring
from family life in 1954, Prabhupäda had gone to live in Våndävana,
first at a temple near Keçi-ghäöa and then at the Rädhä-Dämodara
temple. After taking sannyäsa in 1959, he had continued to reside
in Våndävana and, when not living there, to reserve his two
rooms at Rädhä-Dämodara.
Våndävana is the home
of Kåñëa consciousness, the place of Kåñëa's
childhood pastimes, the place where the six Gosvämés, sent
by Lord Caitanya, had excavated holy places, written transcendental literature,
and built temples. Any devotee could feel at home there, and thousands
of Våndävana's residents carried bead bags, chanted Hare Kåñëa,
and wore the Vaiñëava tilaka and dress. Våndävana
belonged to Rädhä and Kåñëa, and this was still
acknowledged by the residents of the present-day Våndävana.
Ultimately, Våndävana
is revealed only to the pure devotee. Våndävana is the eternal
residence of all spiritual souls in their eternal relationship with Kåñëa.
The Våndävana in India is a transcendental replica of Goloka
Våndävana, the eternal planet where Kåñëa
resides in the spiritual world. The pure devotees aspire to attain to Goloka
Våndävana after finishing their life in this world, and Prabhupäda,
therefore, as a pure devotee of Kåñëa, naturally felt
at home in Våndävana. He sometimes said that if he were to become
very ill, he would prefer not to go to a hospital but to simply go to Våndävana
and there pass his last days. To spread the glories of Våndävana,
Prabhupäda had left Våndävana, but like a traveler away
from home, he always thought of returning.
(Satswarup dasa Goswami. Prabhupada-lilamrita.
SPL44 - Let there be a temple.)
Legal Documents
LD 8: Certificate of Incorporation
of ISKCON, July 13, 1966 http://prabhupadabooks.com/?g=176585
CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
OF
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR KRISHNA CONSCIOUSNESS, INC.
(Pursuant to the Religious Corporation Law of the State of New York)
We, the undersigned, for the purpose of forming a corporation pursuant to the Religious Corporation Law of the State of New York, do hereby make, subscribe and acknowledge this certificate as follows:
FIRST: The name of the corporation shall be INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR KRISHNA CONSCIOUSNESS, INC.
SECOND: The purposes for which the corporation is organized are:
(a) To systematically propagate spiritual knowledge to society at large and to educate all peoples in the techniques of spiritual life in order to check the imbalance of values in life and to achieve real unity and peace in the world.(b) To propagate a consciousness of Krishna as it is revealed in the Bhagawat Gita and Srimad Bhagawatam.
(c) To bring the members of the Society together with each other and nearer to Krishna, the prime entity, and thus to develop the idea, within the members, and humanity, at largo, that each soul is part and parcel of the quality of Godhead (Krishna).
(d), To teach and encourage the Samkirtan movement congregational chanting of the holy name of God as revealed in the teachings of Lord Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
To erect for the members, and for society at large, a holy place of transcendental pastimes, dedicated to the personality of Krishna.
(f) To bring the members closer together for the purpose of teaching a simpler and more natural way of life.
(g) With a view towards achieving the aforementioned purposes, to publish and distribute periodicals, magazines, books and other writings.
THIRD: The corporation shall have the power, either directly or
indirectly, either alone or in conjunction or cooperation with others,
to do any and all lawful acts and things and to engage in any and all lawful
activities which may be necessary, useful, suitable, desirable, or proper
for the furtherance, accomplishment, fostering, or attainment of any or
all of the purposes for which the corporation is organized, and to aid
or assist other organizations whose activities are such as to further,
accomplish, foster, or attain any of such purposes. Notwithstanding anything
herein to the contrary, the corporation shall exercise only such powers
as are in furtherance of the exempt purposes of organizations set forth
in Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code and its Regulations as the
same now exist or as they may be hereafter amended from time to time.
FOURTH: The corporation is not organized for profit, and no part of the net earnings of the corporation shall inure to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. In the event of the liquidation or dissolution of the corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, no member shall be entitled to any distribution or division of its remaining property or its proceeds, and the balance of all money and other property received by the corporation from any source, after the payment of all debts and obligations of the corporation, shall be used or distributed, subject to the order of the Supreme Court of the State of New York as provided by law, exclusively for purposes within those set forth in Article SECOND of this certificate and within the intendment of Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and its Regulations as the same now exist or as they may be hereafter amended from time to time.
FIFTH: The operations of the corporation are to be conducted principally within the State of New York.
SIXTH: The principal place of worship of this Society is intended to be located at No. 26 Second Avenue in the City, County and State of New York.
SEVENTH: The number of trustees of the Society shall be nine.
EIGHTH: The names and addresses of the trustees until the first annual
meeting of the corporation are as follows:
NAME ADDRESS
MICHAEL GRANT 110 Bowery, New York, N. Y.
JAN OSLUND 110 Bowery, New York,.N. Y.
JAMES S. GREENE 324 East 6th Street, New York, N. Y.
The names and addresses of the trustees until the second annual meeting of the corporation are as follows:
NAME ADDRESS
PAUL GARDINER 38 East 76th Street, New York, N. Y.
DONALD W. CHAPDELAINE 26 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y.
RAYMOND MARAIS 26 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y.
The names and addresses of the trustees until the third annual meeting of the corporation are as follows:
NAME ADDRESS
KARL YEARGENS 218 Centre Street, New York, N. Y.
RAPHAEL BALSAM 26 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y.
ROBERT LEFKOWITZ 1847 49th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
NINTH: The first annual meeting for the annual election of trustees shall be held on July 6, 1967, at 7:00 P.M. at No. 26 Second Avenue, in the City, County and State of New York.
TENTH: The matters set forth in paragraphs FIRST through EIGHTH of this certificate were determined at a meeting held for that purpose pursuant to Section 192 of the Religious Corporation Law on July 6, 1966 at No. 26 Second Avenue in the City, County and State of New York. Said meeting was held pursuant to due written notice as provided in Section 191 of the Religious Corporation Law.
ELEVENTH: All of the subscribers to this certificate are of full age
and all are members in good and regular standing of the church seeking
incorporation through the filing of this certificate by admission with
full membership therein in accordance with the rules and regulations thereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF we have made, subscribed, and acknowledged this certificate of incorporation this 13th day of July, 1966.
[signed:] A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, Carol Bekar, Raymond Marais
STATE OF NEW 'YORK) SS:
COUNTY OF NEW YORK)
On the 13th day of July, 1966 before me personally came A. C. BHAKTIVEDANTA, SWAMI, RAYMOND MARAIS and CAROL BEKAR to me known and known to me to be the individuals described in and who executed the foregoing certificate of incorporation and they severally acknowledged to me that they severally executed the same.STEVEN J. GOLDSMITH
NOTARY PUBLIC, STATE OF NEW YORK
NO. 81-1489875
Qualified in New York County
Commission Expires March 30, 1967
STATE OF NEW YORK )
SS:
COUNTY OF NEW YORK )
STEVEN J. GOLDSMITH, being duly sworn, deposes and says: That he maintains an office for the practice of law at Two Park Avenue, Borough of Manhattan, City and State of New York; that he is the attorney for the subscribers to the annexed certificate of incorporation of INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR KRISHNA CONSCIOUSNESS, INC.; that he has made diligent search of the records of the Clerk of the County of New York, and as revealed by such search, that no prior corporation with the same or similar name as INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR KRISHNA CONSCIOUSNESS, INC. has filed a certificate of incorporation in New York County. [handwritten:] The undersigned affirms this made under penalty of perjury.
[signed:] Steven J. Goldsmith
On this historic anniversary of
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